Processing-controlled corrosion and passive film chemistry of TiNbCr multi-principal element alloy in simulated body fluid

I. Dainezi, V.H.M.M. Ferreira, D.D.S. Silva, S.H. Borges, V. de L. Vilela, C. Oskay, N. Bogolowski, M.A. Ulherr, M.C. Galetz, L.B. Otani, G.Y. Koga, F.G. Coury, N.A. Mariano

Corrosion Science 271 (2026), 114133, DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2026.114133

Dainezi2026_fig02

OM, SEM micrographs and corresponding EDS elemental mappings of the TiNbCr alloy in (a) the as-cast condition, showing dendritic (D), interdendritic (ID), and grain boundary (GB) regions with visible porosity, and (b) the HIPed condition, illustrating the redistribution of Ti, Nb, and Cr, reduced porosity, and the formation of BCC and Laves C15 phases.

Dainezi2026_fig08

XPS analysis of the TiNbCr MPEA surface in the HIPed condition before and after corrosion testing in SBF: (a) and (b) Ti 2p spectra, (c) and (d) Nb 2p spectra, (e) and (f) Cr 2p spectra and (g) quantitative surface composition.

Dainezi2026_fig11

Cross-sectional SEM images and EPMA chemical maps of the TiNbCr MPEA after corrosion testing in SBF: (a) as-cast condition, showing internal reaction zone enriched in Nb-oxides and CHA; (b) HIPed condition, showing shallow pit formation and deposition of corrosion products (CHA and Nb2O5) suggesting partial re-oxidation.
Reprinted from Corrosion Science with permission from Elsevier according to the Creative Commons license

The corrosion behavior of equiatomic TiNbCr multi-principal element alloy in as-cast and hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) conditions was investigated in simulated body fluid, using Ti-6Al-4V as a reference. Both conditions exhibit a BCC matrix with Laves C15 precipitates, while HIP promotes densification and microstructural homogenization. HIP processing yields corrosion resistance comparable to Ti-6Al-4V and enhances surface re-oxidation. In addition, the as-cast alloy forms a more permeable passive film, resulting in higher corrosion currents. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman analyses performed after electrochemical polarization indicate that the passive film formed under the investigated conditions is predominantly enriched in TiO2 and Nb2O5, with a secondary contribution from Cr oxides. The results demonstrate that HIP processing improves the corrosion performance of TiNbCr while maintaining favorable mechanical properties.

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